How Tension Is Created in the Play “a View from the Bridge? Essay

In this essay I am going to discuss how tension is created in the play â€Å"A View from the Bridge† written by Arthur Miller, but more specifically how tension is created at the end of Act One. A View from the Bridge is set in Red Hook, New York full of Italian Americans who struggle to earn a living. In the 1950’s, Italy was a very poor country however immigration was made illegal before this, in 1946. The play goes on to tell us about the Carbone family, an American family consisting of a couple – Eddie and Beatrice and her sister’s orphaned daughter; Catherine. Having raised Catherine since she was a small girl, Eddie is extremely possessive and controlling of her, which we come to see more and more as the play progresses. When Beatrice’s cousins Marco and Rodolfo come to stay with the family illegally, to try and get work and a sufficient amount of money to send back home to Italy, tensions rises as Eddie feels threatened as Marco’s alpha male status, which causes a shift in balance in the household. As we read the play, we come to see how Eddie’s petty insecurity gets the better of him, causing an inevitable tragic ending. Towards the end of Act One, we see the tension in the Carbone household reach a critical level, and it is clear for all to see. The characters attempt to ignore, hide and even relieve this tension by all means necessary, although whatever they do seems to make the atmosphere even more tension filled. Relationships between certain characters – such as the one between Catherine, Rodolfo, Eddie and Beatrice and the relationship between Eddie and Marco create tension in different ways, and sound/music, action, movement and gesture all contribute to the rising tension at the end of Act One. We see many different examples of tension when it comes to the relationship between Catherine, Rodolfo, Eddie and Beatrice. For example, Catherine’s first words in this scene are â€Å"You know where they went? † This automatically causes accidental tension between Rodolfo/Marco and Eddie because Catherine is exclaiming to Eddie that the men have travelled, making Eddie feel angry as he doesn’t to seem in any way or form weak compared to Rodolfo and Marco. In Eddie’s eyes, he sees this as the two brothers have something over him, so now he tries in any shape or form to ‘win back’ Catherine. As well as this, the way Catherine says this seems to be with pure enthusiasm and excitement which shows how naive she is to her surroundings. This reflects Catherine’s general behaviour as she is nearly 18, and doesn’t seem to notice the effect of her actions on other people. Additionally we can clearly see Eddie’s resentment of Rodolfo when Rodolfo mistakenly angers Eddie when he says â€Å"lemons are green†. This is said in response to Eddie trying to belittle the brothers and imply their trade is dishonest, so when Rodolfo says â€Å"lemons are green† this makes Eddie look the fool and we already know that Eddie feels bitter about the two brothers, especially Rodolfo so when he makes him look stupid, automatic tension is created. It does so in the way that Eddie doesn’t want to be outsmarted by Rodolfo because he doesn’t want to look as if Rodolfo is superior to him. When Eddie has a go at Rodolfo for taking Catherine out to the movies, and returning home later than she usually does, Eddie is clearly on the brink of a full blown rage, and when he starts to tell Marco this, Marco instantly orders, not tells Rodolfo that he will from now be back home in time. This specifically doesn’t create tension but shows us more of Marco’s alpha male position, which Eddie is obviously threatened by. What does create tension is when Beatrice defends Rodolfo when Eddie is trying to prove it point that Rodolfo is the cause of Catherine staying out late by saying â€Å"Well, he didn’t exactly drag her off Eddie. † This shows to us the Beatrice is defending Rodolfo as she is disagreeing completely with what Eddie, her husband is saying. This obviously creates tension because as a wife, Beatrice is meant to support and agree with her husband, however she is disagrees with what Eddie has said, as she believes that Eddie has inappropriate feelings towards Catherine, so Beatrice will obviously want to get Catherine out of the picture as soon as possible so she can feel that she has ‘her husband back’. After this Eddie starts to openly criticise Rodolfo in front of the household, but more especially it’s directed at Catherine, so Eddie can convince her that Rodolfo lacks any type of masculinity. He does this by saying â€Å"He’s a cook, too! †¦ He sings, he cooks, he could make dresses.. † by saying this he is implying that these stereotypically feminine skills mean the Rodolfo is no kind of man, or at least in Eddie’s eyes which means he isn’t right for Catherine. As well as this although Eddie never actually says it in the play, he often implies that Rodolfo may be gay, which is what he may be trying to do here. This creates tension because although Rodolfo doesn’t clearly see it, Eddie is openly mocking him, and making him look like less of a man. The tone of which Eddie says this in is obviously meant to knock Rodolfo but he is totally oblivious to Eddie’s growing resentment, which creates more tension as it angers Eddie as it doesn’t spark a reaction. Miller uses music and sound as well as dialogue to show the tension at the end of the scene. For example when Catherine puts the record â€Å"Paper Doll† on and dances with Rodolfo, many forms of tension are created here. For instance, the lyrics of the song are all about someone taking away someone from another person, who is exactly what Eddie feels Rodolfo is doing to Catherine. So the lyrics in the record will cause tension as Eddie believes this is what is happening, and it’s almost ironic that Catherine chooses this record to play. The most obvious form of tension when Catherine and Rodolfo dance, is simply the fact that they’re dancing. As we know Rodolfo and Eddie were not having a nice conversation before when Catherine suggested dancing, and Rodolfo was very weary of Eddie’s behaviour. So the fact that they’re being quite close and intimate in front of Eddie is bound to cause tension as Eddie doesn’t like Rodolfo, so the fact they’re dancing is bound to cause tension. Also, the fact that Rodolfo has spent money which he should be saving (like Marco is) annoys Eddie because he feels that the two brother should be keeping a low profile instead of publicly making themselves known, and by shopping this means that Rodolfo has gone out, which means people would have seen him and etc. So this creates tension as it annoys Eddie that he’s off gallivanting buying records and clothes, instead of working hard and keeping a low profile. After tension being made by music, Rodolfo turns the music off abruptly, which almost acts as Rodolfo’s reaction to what Eddie says. The lack of music means that everything that is said can be clearly heard, and it means the characters have nothing to ‘hide’ behind. This creates tension as the lack of music symbolises Rodolfo’s patience with Eddie, as his comment was unjustified and Rodolfo obviously felt offended enough to turn off the music. Action, movement and gesture are additionally used to reveal tension in the household, for example when Eddie is talking about Rodolfo and how Eddie is different (and better) than Rodolfo, he has â€Å"unconsciously twisting the newspaper into a tight role†¦until it eventually tears in two†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This automatically creates tension as it is if Eddie has subconsciously been showing them all his true feelings of Rodolfo. As these are stage directions, we can indefinitely see the violence that Eddie is holding on to, and this symbolises his feelings towards Rodolfo. After this Eddie tries to teach Rodolfo boxing and instead, ends up punching him in the face. Eddie obviously does this to show off, to prove to everyone how masculine he is and how much better he is and weak Rodolfo is. He does this to make up for Rodolfo’s earlier comment where Eddie felt as if he was being made a mockery of, and this gives Eddie a chance to show off his physical strength against Rodolfo. In conclusion, Arthur Miller creates tension through the use of stage directions, dialogue and many other different techniques. He often uses the stage directions to symbolise the physical status of his characters, which ultimately reflects subconsciously how they really feel about one another, and this is what really shows us how much tension there is created and how much drama there is at the end of Act One.

Responsibility of Ethics Essay

Ethical standing among community members and business persons is held in high regard.   The matter of trust needs to be had at all times so that people know that their information is safe.   When ethical issues arise, somewhere, somehow there has to be someone who is able and willing to stand up and report the unethical issue.   All professionals are bound by ethics and the responsibility to report wrong doing. In this case, the widow’s attorney is charging the widow 12-14% more than his average percentage with respects to his other clients.   Normal everyday ethics suggest that not only is he acting in bad ethics but obviously is taking advantage of this widow.   Charlie, even if not mandated by law or administrative rule, should inform the widow.   This would be the right and respectful thing to do but is Charlie mandated by any code of ethics to act on this information and inform her is the real question. Charlie, even though he is not the person creating the ethical situation, is bound by ethical codes to inform this widow at the very least but more appropriately the governing agency, of the actions of her attorney.  Ã‚   As stated in the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct for CPA’s â€Å"members should act with integrity, guided by the precept that when members fulfill their responsibility to the public, clients’ and employers’ interests are best served.† (ET Section 53 – Article II—The Public Interest, ET Section 52 – Article I—Responsibilities, ET Section 54 – Article III—Integrity &    ET Section 56 – Article V—Due Care of the AICPA). The biggest ethical issue is honesty, integrity and the personal gain issues.   The attorney stands to gain a substantial amount of money, well more than what he should for his services.   The code of ethics for attorney’s alone is violated is drastic ways.   Some states have statutes on how an attorney charges their client and some rely of good ethical behavior but this aside, attorneys are to charge only what is fair and consistent with how they charge everyone else. This attorney is violating a huge public interest and the widow can file a complaint and the attorney stands to lose his liscense to practice law.   Charlie can also intervene and simply make a phone call to the governing agency as this particular information that he knows, is not bound by the confidentiality laws as this information was derived not by the widows words but by the admittance of the attorney in which there is no confidentiality as there is no client issue due to the fact that Charlie is not asking for advice and the lawyer is not giving it. Works Cited AICPA Code of Professional Conduct.   2006-2008.   http://www.aicpa.org/About/code/sec50.htm New Jersey Judiciary. Office of Attorney Ethics. 2001 http://www.judiciary.state.nj.us/oae/OAEEthicsPamphlet.pdf

Competency Standard Essay

I maintain being professional on a daily basis by doing the following. Letting all families in my care know we have a confidentiality policy. That we implement each and every day discussing only the info we need to with appropriate staff members. Children and their family’s info will only be discussed if we feel abuse or neglect is present. Then we are required to inform the proper authorities. I demonstrate being professional by following my job expectations entailed for my position when I was hired. I always have a positive attitude with my children and families and co-workers daily. I arrive on time and am prepared to start my day promptly. I dress appropriately for my day making sure I have clothes presentable but can engage in messy activities to. I use good judgment when making decisions for the children in my care. I will be an advocate for each child I have by meeting their educational and emotional and physical needs daily. Each child will be treated as an individual. I will also provide a quality educational program to all children in my care to support success for them. If a child shows signs of developmentally delay I will work with the family and any agencies to ensure a bright future for them. I will also take advantage of any opportunities offered to me to continue my own education and growth. Keeping updated on any new laws and regulations plus new teachings and always striving to learn more will make me the best teacher I can be. I chose to become an early childhood professional because. When I got out of high school I needed a job to pay my bills naturally. But the main reason was because I loved being around children and at the time I didn’t have any of my own yet and there were none in my family either. So I thought what a great way to spend the day and get paid was to spend time with other people’s kids. In the being it was really hard though. It was not all play time there were rules and regulations to follow. Daily planning to ensure the kids stayed busy and engaged at all times. Lots of hand washing and potty training but even after all that I learned that first week. I still couldn’t stay away. And found my calling and after 14 yrs this is still the best thing that I ever did besides having my own child who is now 8 yrs old. The most important professional traits I possess to me are. I am reliable and I enjoy working with children and I always stay positive no matter what.

Dr. Stephen Hawking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dr. Stephen Hawking - Research Paper Example In addition to his great contribution to theoretical physics, applied mathematics and physical cosmology, this research paper will also take a look at his different awards, both national and international. In his life, Dr. Stephen Hawing has also written several books and publications that have shaped and influenced greatly the world of science and the views on how the universe we have came to be. Although stricken with illness that changed his life forever, Stephen Hawking has not allowed it to hinder him from success and is presently still considered as one of the greatest and most prominent man of science. Stephen Hawking Stephen Hawking was born on the eighth of January in 1942 in the county town of Oxford, in England. This date was exactly on the three hundredth death anniversary of Italian scientist and astronomer, Galileo Galilei, a source of pride for the illustrious physicist. Stephen was born into the world in a family of sages. His father was Dr. Frank Hawking, a research biologist who was the head of the parasitological division at the NIMR which stands for National Institute for Medical Research. His mother was Isobel Hawking. When only a small number of women considered earning college degrees, Isobel, a Scottish woman, worked her way into Oxford University in the 1930s, one of, if not the most prominent and prestigious university of all time, making her part of the earliest female student of the institution. Stephen was born in the wrong time as there was a great political crisis and his parents at that time were not earning much money. The residence of his parents was located in north London but Oxford was regarded as a more suitable place for childbirth as this was during World War II and it was deemed safer and more secured in Oxford than in north London. This was due to the fact that London was being attacked by German air forces during the time of his birth. German missiles were striking the streets everywhere. After Frank and Isobel had the ir first baby boy, they moved back to London. Stephen Hawking was the eldest among his siblings. He had a brother who was adopted named Edward and two younger sisters, Mary and Philippa. In 1950, when Hawking was only a boy of eight years, they moved to a nearby town, approximately twenty miles to the north of London, in St. Albans. There, in St. Albans High School for Girls, he was schooled. At that time, it was permitted for boys to study in an exclusive girl’s school until they were ten years old. While not exceptional or extraordinary, Stephen was a bright young student who did well in his studies. Encouraged and motivated by his teacher in mathematics, Stephen always had a keen eye for science. He wanted to pursue mathematics as his field of course for college. However, in view of the fact that his father had wanted him to study medicine instead and in University College in Oxford where his father was an alumnus where they did not offer a mathematics course, he took up N atural Science specializing in Physics there as an alternative, earning a scholarship. He did not give his full and complete time and effort into it since this was not exactly his preference, but nonetheless was awarded a first class honors degree in Natural Science. After, he went to Cambridge University, another best and leading universities in England and in the world. There he spent his time doing a lot of research in Cosmology, the science that looks into the

Focusing on camera techniques and the mis en scene, argue whether or Essay

Focusing on camera techniques and the mis en scene, argue whether or not you feel the character of Captain Jack Sparrow from Pir - Essay Example Various camera techniques are also employed to capture the various scenes of the film. The Pirates of the Caribbean series, the curse of the Black pearl is one of the famous films in the industry. It employs various camera techniques and mis en scenes so as to paint the characters of its actors, their lifestyle as well as their social status. The main character of this film is Jack sparrow, a pirate. The film revolves around him, as he dominates all the scenes of this action. This essay evaluates the various camera techniques and mis en scenes used in this film, and whether they portray Jack Sparrow as a pirate. This film begins with the camera focused on the dark grey waters. As the sequence continues, the camera focuses on ship that slowly emerges from the sea. From the camera mid-shot, the viewer is able to tell the design and make of the ship. It is the type of ship associated with a wealthy category of people. It does not paint the picture of ordinary pirate. As the ship approac hes, a close distance shot view paints the image of the ship clearer. At this moment, the only audible sound is the sound of rippling water and cricking of the boat. There is no background music. This creates a more serene atmosphere that defines rather a sinister movie than it really is (Shaviro, 65). Another clear feature is the creepy colors that sum up with the sound to establish the theme more colorfully. This introduction provides mixed feelings to the audience. The film introduces a young girl, Elizabeth, as the first character. The girl chants a traditional song â€Å"Pirates life for me†, which is common with the pirates. Already, this first character introduces the theme of piracy. The voice of the lady is very clear to the audience. These two effects allow the audience to capture the main theme of the film. Close up shots brings focus on this first character and the audience can tell that she is sad. Therefore, they are able to anticipate a sad event within the sco pe of the film. This close view also portrays the naivety of this young girl. The film introduces the second character differently from the first one. The camera glides in quickly and focuses on this character. The second character has clothes that portray that he is a class below the first characters. His speech also brings out this issue even more clear; he speaks in a cockney accent as opposed to Elizabeth who uses ‘posh’ English accent. This tells the audience that the two have different backgrounds (Prokow, 20). Secondly, the characters in this film wear clothes that can be referred to those of early ages in the 19th century. Close up shots capture the traditional attires of these characters. The age of this film is another feature that contributes to the main theme of the movie. Of more significance is the main character, Jack Sparrow. He appears in old and dirty clothes that are associated with pirates. The camera closes in to capture the character so that his at tires become an element of interest to the audience. As a result, the viewer prepares to watch a film dominated by pirates as the main characters (Inga, 1). After introduction of the main antagonist and the protagonist, there is an eye line match between the main protagonist and the sinking ship in the distance. This portrays a rather disturbing or unpleasant mood. There is also an eye line match between the young girl and a small boy floating on the sea. The low angle shot aims at relieving the

Who Am I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Who Am I - Essay Example English is my favorite language, and my passion for the subject helped me understand not only its use but its basis. I have the basic comprehension of most vocabulary and phrases in the language that I have learnt through studying in class and research in linguistic facilities. According to my teachers and friends, my linguistic intelligence has been characterized by love for reading and writing, remembrance of both written and spoken language, explanation capabilities and my involvement in persuasive debates at school. I have also been able to learn other languages quickly as compared to other students. Written language capabilities have helped me in understanding the English language and using perfect words and vocabularies in my essays. Another stronghold of my acumen is my knowledge in mathematics and subjects that relate to basic reasoning, improved results in subjects that entail mathematics and calculations have exposed my ability in the above intelligence. I have used this potential in helping my friends who are not endowed in the field. At learning facilities, teachers have appointed me a group leader in most mathematical field to help others in calculations and reasoning. This intelligence has helped me analyze problems logically, recognize patterns and help in scientific experiments. My approaches in mathematics have helped me become top in the class since I was in my younger stages. It has also helped improve my performance in other mathematics-related subjects such as physics. I also have a passion for computers that I use in most times to strengthen my acumen. Use of tests and self-set exams has also aided me to progress my performance in mathematics. Deductive reasoning is part of my thinking processes that help me in deducting ideas from mathematical solutions. This acumen derives the abilities to visualize not only with the human eye by also mind. The visualization

LLM Human Rights -Case study on prosectution Case

LLM Human Rights - on prosectution - Case Study Example During his reign he did a lot of inhuman atrocities against them on the pretext of their opposing his regime or for supporting Iran in the war. After the fall of Bagdad most of his lieutenants were captured but Saddam remained at large and was ultimately captured on the night of 12th December 2003. ' After the initial annexation of Iraq, it was ruled by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), which was later on replaced by an interim government of Iraq. CPA created Supreme Iraqi criminal Tribunal (SICT), for the trial of the Saddam and other members of the Baath Party against charges of committing war crimes and other crimes against humanity. SICT held trials in front of five judges who heard both the sides and dispensed judgment and in doing so there was no provision of jury, there was also a chamber for further appeals consisting of nine judges.'The first trial of the tribunal began on 19th of October 2005, with the case of Dujail massacres of 1982, for which Saddam and seven others were tried.' Although one of the lesser crimes of Saddam, considering his standards, Dujails was probably taken up before the more serious Al-Anfal massacres because Anfal was much bigger in proportion and hence was expected to take much more time. Dujail is a Shitte town, having among its residents many supporters of the Dawa party, which was opposed to Saddam's rule. On 8th of July 1982, Saddam had gone to the town to praise those Shia's who were fighting the Iran - Iraq war on his behalf. Idea was to get more support from the large Shia community to fight the war against Iran. As he was returning from Dujail, his motorcade was fired on by a member of the Dawa party. Although Saddam was not hurt, he decided on a general retaliation. In the events that followed, his security forces killed nearly 150 civilians of Dujail and many were severly tortured. Also a large number of residents including women, children and the aged were send to the concentration camps. During the trial, one of the victims , who was 15 years old at the time of the massacre testified about the genocide. (McGeough, 2005) Based on this case along with Saddam, Barzan Hassan, former Iraqi intelligence chief, and Awad Bandar, former head of Iraq's Revolutionary Court, and Taha Yassin Ramadan, the former vice-president were also ordered to be executed, for participating in crimes against humanity. The more serious anti-Kurdish "Anfal" operation was carried out between February and September 1988 by Saddam Hussein. It was conducted in eight stages, with about 2, 00,000 ground troops bolstered by air support. Its primary purpose was to wipe out any Iranian intrusion in the region and also to put to rest the dream of Kurdish independence. The main targets of this campaign were the battle worthy adults and young men. Saddam wanted to exterminate them all, so that no one should be left to take up arms against his regime. It was conducted under Saddam's cousin, Ali Hassan al-Majidin, who was appointed in charge of the Northern region of Iraq, in March 1987. ' During these campaigns men (above the age of 15) were set apart from the women, later these men were killed and their bodies were dumped in mass graves.' Some of the sites, later excavated were found to have the bodies of thousands of victims. According to liberal estimates some fifty thousand Kurds died in these attacks, while the actual figure is supposed

Black Book movie 2006 (European film CRITIQUE) Review

Black Book 2006 (European film CRITIQUE) - Movie Review Example Betrayal is one of the things that makes the movie interesting. Also, the soundtrack blends well with change well with the environment to reflect the mood of the film. In addition to that, techniques used in finding out people secrets in the movie gives one the desire to keep watching (Pamuk, Orhan, and Maureen, 2006). For instance, the hidden microphone that was planted by Ellis on Franken’s office which enabled them know that it was Gein who betrayed Rachel’s parent. Finally, the tactics the character use to gain advantage over others allow one keep watching, seduction of Commander Ludwig by Ellis after she disguised herself. The major conflict in the movie is the warfare between the Germans and Holland. It is resolved when Holland gets victory though The Hague resistance. Other sub-major conflicts are race conflict these shall be settled by people accepting to live with one another even though love centers everything. Another conflict is greed people are seen to love money. This conflict is resolved when the greedy people are killed. Finally, there is a conflict of love. Ellis has a natural tendency to fall in love with people who had significant positions the resistance. She resolved this internal conflict by sleeping with them in return for information. The main protagonist of the movie, Rachael meets the antagonist leader Van Gein whom later she realizes was a betrayer of her family. In the event of escaping, the protagonist meets Rob, a tertiary character which enables her escape and connect her to another tertiary character Smaal, who assist her financially. The film has won several award having nominated for four Golden calves for the best actress, best director, and the best film. Though the movie was positively received by the Dutch press, it had some question. For instance, some said that the movie director, Verhoeven, failed to put emphasis on the moral dissertation and focused only

Security after September 11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security after September 11 - Assignment Example Also, following the Cold War with Russia, the U.S. government could conclude almost with a precision that it had contained all its enemies. However, this was far from reality as sooner than later it terrorists struck. From bombings in U.S. embassies found in East Africa to the deadly attacks at World Trade Centre and Twin Towers, it became evident that U.S. security details had to undergo considerable reforms (Bolton, 2008). In this paper, I present some of the security changes that took place following September 11 incident and their impacts on my lifestyle. Immediately after the attack, it was evident that there was a lot of security laxity at the airports. This is because the suicide bombers who hijacked the ill-fated planes successfully manoeuvred the airport security personnel to carry out the attacks. Congress responded to this by passing Aviation and Transportation Security Act, which resulted in the creation of Transportation Security Administration. Before the 9/11 incident, security issues within the airports was handled by respective airports, which also hired the services of private security companies (Pinkowski, 2008). TSA got into action almost immediately by implementing a set of procedures such as stricter guidelines on passenger and luggage screening. As at the moment, only ticketed passengers are allowed to go through security. The latest set of technologies have also been adopted at the airports to screen for weapons and any other object that could be a threat to passengers aboard the plane. Furthermore, liquids were ba nned and everybody is expected to remove their shoes while undergoing screening. Another change that happened involved tightening the immigration procedures. Unlike before the 9/11 incident, it was somehow easier for immigrants from all over the world to gain access to the United States of America. However, following the attacks, Congress responded immediately be demanding that the immigration department limit such immigration.  Ã‚  

Benefits and Effectiveness of Accounting Essay Example for Free

Benefits and Effectiveness of Accounting Essay The research was based on two variables these are computerized accounting systems which comprise of definitions, components of computerized accounting software and benefits and limitation of computerized system and financial reporting which also comprises of definitions of financial reports, benefits and effectiveness of accounting system used at National Water and Sewerage Corporation. The study will enable management to understand the significance of preparing quality and reliable financial reports. The study will point out weakness in the accounting system which management needs to address. The Government of Malaysia through the Department of Accountant General (MDAG) has instructed MARA to implement the Standard Accounting System for Government Agencies (SAGA). This is a total Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System, developed based on web-based application and is using an accrual basis of accounting. The SAGA financial system enables its users, particularly the government agencies to close their accounts on a daily basis, monitor their daily financial activities as well as produce standardized financial reports to the stakeholders at any place and any time. However, upon completion of the SAGA financial system analysis, MARA identifies that the system could not cater all MARA business activities. Processes such as disbursement of scholarship and loans to students and entrepreneurs are not covered by the system. As such, MARA still has to maintain its existing databases and therefore made special request to the MDAG to exclude the implementation of SAGA while awaiting MARA ICT consultant’s recommendations on the development of a new MARA Total Information and Financial System. As a conclusion, the SAGA financial systems could not be used by MARA on its own. The end-users in MARA need to operate both, SAGA and its own systems at the same time. This situation could lead to users’ confusion if they are to use different type of system when updating certain type of financial transaction. This is because the end-user of MARA Computerized Accounting System could only utilized the SAGA Financial System just for ordinary operating expenditures whilst any disbursement of expenditure pertaining to subsidiary system, they still need to use the existing MARA Financial Systems. Consequently, internal controls and security functions may not be easily built in the systems. Concurrent use of both systems may affect job satisfaction and performance of the end-users. Introducing Computerized Accounting Information Systems in a Developing Nation: Egyptian International Motors This study aims to assess the implementation of accounting information system on a company in a developing nation. To answer this question this manuscript attempts to do the following: (1) identify the reasons for the shift to an automated system and the main goals that the company aim to achieve form this shift, (2) determine the company’s strategic decisions like choices between outsourcing versus in-house development, and ready made packages versus tailor made software, (3) describe the steps of implementation, (4) understand the reaction of the employees to the new automated system, (5) study the required changes on the organizational chart and human resources qualifications that are required, (6) recognize the problems that the company met during the process, (6) point the advantages of the shift to the automated system. A computerized accounting System provides many advantages over manual systems, for example entries do not have to be recorded in multiple ledgers so as to fulfill the cardinal rules of financial reporting.A single entry is made and the system will populate all the appropriate corresponding accounts automatically. Computerized accounting also makes it possible for people in other departments,not just accounting to enter data.It does not require avast amount of accounting knowledge for a payroll clerk to enter wages details into the accounts,a basic understanding of how to use the system is sufficient The study intends to find out the effect of a computerized accounting system on the quality of financial reports generated by an organization. To examine the effect of computerize accounting systems quality financial reporting. To determine the challenges encountere by organizations before and after implementing a computerized accounting system. To identify strategies/measures of ensuring quality financial reporting. An accounting system is part of the organisation’s management information system therefore a good or decent accounting system must be able to produce reports like trial balance, aged debtors and aged creditors. Accounting systems must provide data that should enable the production of management accounts, statutory accounts and must also assist the managers and accountants in discharging their stewardship roles. Production Of Accounts A good system should enable the firm to produce its management reports and management accounts at short notice. This will enable the organisation to monitor performance, to take decisions quickly and to make decision based on objective and verifiable information. Audit Trail Audit trail is very important as it will enable auditors and senior managers to monitor transactions entered in the accounting system and this will ensure that there is information integrity. A good system should document the changes that have been made in the system, who made the changes and it should also be able to track what was changed. Compatibility With Other Programmes A strong characteristic of a good accounting system is that it must be compatible with other systems. For example, it should easily be configurable so that it can communicate with other programmes like Excel or Crystal. An accounting system should be able to export transactions and reports into Excel and it should allow data and transactions to be imported from an external source. This will lead to time savings as there will be no need to duplicate a role or process. Error Detection If an accounting system does not dictate errors then it is not a good accounting package as it is failing to perform a basic functionality. An accounting package should decline to post transactions that do not balance for example the total debits should equal the total credits and if this is not the case, then the accounting system should automatically flag this error. Internal Controls Internal controls are the eyes and ears of the organisation and a good accounting system should embed these internal controls into the system. Internal controls enable prevention and detection of fraud and error. An accounting system should enable internal control tools like segregation of duties, reconciliations and account allocations. A good accounting system should not allow users to delete data that has been posted into the system. Manual Vs Computerized Accounting Computerized accounting systems provide more benefits than manual ones, allowing for more accurate calculations, in less time. Compared to manual accounting, with a computerized system errors are far less common, eliminating human error. And with accounting programs that are industry-specific, you can benefit from various preset templates for your general ledger, saving more time. You can store virtually endless information, without any trouble at all. And if you later want to review financial information from several years ago, with a computerized accounting system you can do it easily, while with a manual one you would have to sort through stacks of paper ledgers. Bottom line, both systems may be useful to some extent. But for more accurate bookkeeping and increased efficiency, a computerized accounting system seems to have more advantages. You can find several free versions online, as well as more proficient accounting software available for purchase. Search online for such accounting systems, read about their features and decide which one would be better for your particular business needs. Although they will not allow you to physically handle the ledgers, it will provide a better accounting solution. The advantages of Computerized Accounting seem to be unknown by business owners and individuals who are in doubt of purchasing Accounting Software. Accounting Software has been a trend nowadays. With the vast Computerized System Providers and wide range of versions to choose from, Accounting System has evolved to be one of the trends in information technology. Computerized Systems are designed to create more value in Financial Accounting. Value can be relayed in terms of speed, accuracy and reliability of accounting data. With Computerized System, invoices can be transmitted in an instant through email; inventories are appropriately monitored; and disbursements are tracked for payments to be done before due dates. It helps Bookkeepers to reduce manual activities. When transactions are entered in the Accounting System, automatic entries are posted to generate data needed for financial reporting. Accounting Software enables Bookkeepers and Accountants to adjust necessary accounts to reflect the correct amount of each Account. Computerized Accounting allows Accountants to trace erroneous data and entry in a creative and organized manner through the help of summaries, list of accounts and original entries. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jason_Tsang Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7017983 Computers are extensively used in accounting and there are multitude of computer software for Accounting, MIS, CRM. HiTech Financial Accounting is one such software which has been customized for users in many segments in business and services. Payroll accounting was the first commercial area to become widely computerized. The calculation of wages or salaries involves a number of variables which relate to the personal details of each employee, such as gross pay or rate for the job, individual deductions, tax liabilities of the employees and so on. These facts can be retained in the computers and processed every month of produce pay slips for the employees. The computer helps to exercise the type of stock control needed by the organization. It up to dates the sales and purchases records, determines optimum re-order levels for different items and prints out the stock lists when desired. The system can be so designed that it triggers orders when stock level reaches order point for variou s material items; tests those item which are slow moving or gives list for over stock items. Programming can be done for any sales accounting system. The computer will pin point defaulting debtors, determine the right limit for credit for each debtor and maintain stores ledger. Costing and budgetary control can be affected through the computer, the computer will point out the variations from the planned performance.The computer also helps greatly in production planning and control. It is possible that scheduling of the work may become necessary due to break downs etc. A new critical path may have to be worked out. A critical path is the shortest path to be followed in production to achieve production objectives. The computer helps the management lay down this new critical path. The increasing competition and the highly demands of globalization, Malaysia government attempt for Small Medium Enterprise, SME for the development of innovative, competitive with high technology. Computerized accounting system (CAS) adoption may be decisive factor for an organization to be success and also to survive. This research project which aimed to investigate SME practice of CAS and to identify the factor affecting the adoption among SMEs in Melaka. A survey was carried out through a set of questionnaires to examine the CEO Innovativeness Factors Scale, Perceive Usefulness Factors Scale, Perceive Ease of Use Factors Scale and Business Competitiveness. The sample selected comprised of CEOs of SMEs in three districts in Melaka, namely Melaka Tengah, Alor Gajah and Jasin. The data gathered were coded and analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regression analysis, Pearson Correlation analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).This study reveals that CAS adoption rate in SMEs in Melaka is high. Results from the analysis also shown the significant of independent variables and proved the relationships have been substantiated to the dependent variable which contribute to the usage of CAS adoption between SMEs in Melaka. The findings indicate that CEO innovativeness; perceive ease of use and business competitiveness negatively correlated to the adoption of CAS. Results reveals that only perceive usefulness are significantly positive correlated to CAS adoption. Therefore it can be deduced that adoption of CAS among SMEs in Melaka is caused by its usefulness. The findings reveal that types of business and business location influence the adoption of CAS. However, size (paid up capital, sales turnover and number of employee) do not influence the adopter. Results also indicate that CEO literacy on ICT, accounting and CAS has influence the responded CEO to adopt CAS in their business. However, the advantages by using the accounting systems software were not fully utilized by CAS adopters. http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/view/18273

Management Commitment And Participation Of The People Marketing Essay

Management Commitment And Participation Of The People Marketing Essay The firm applied advanced of human resources and for Social Policy;  the management style is based on management commitment and participation of the people. In addition, the company had a responsible corporate citizen, committed to the government, shareholders, customers, communities and consumers. Environmental objections are committed to business practices and taking into account the need to conserve natural resources and save energy is environmentally friendly. For example, guarantee that all products manufactured, imported and distributed  by Nestle Malaysia are certified HALAL by authorized Islamic certification bodies. Perhaps, Company shares through achieving sustainable and profitable long-term growth has been delivered. This brand has a wide area. Branding strategy is corporate. Part of the branding strategy is the brand plan for each product. This is an integrated strategy. The brands of Nestle area key power but the executive levels are very aware today that brands alo ne are not enough to win. From its beginning, Nestle developed its commerce globally and became aware of the  truth that food products have to be  closely connected to restricted  eating and  social custom. That is why Nestle form the very start has always shown reverence for various cultures and traditions. Nestle activities to complete self as much as feasible into the cultures and  traditions where it  is present, adding also to  the local setting its  own set of values. so, Nestle embrace cultural and social diversity and does not discriminate on the basis of origin, nationality, religion, race, gender or age. Also, Nestle believes that is activities can only be of long term benefit to the company if they are the same time useful to the local community. exactly, the environment is changing very quickly and in particular customers are looking for answer  to their concerns. To our view, global thinking and strategies can best be expressed through local action and commitment as showed as Nestle Malaysia. And of course, Nestle practical think globally act locally as well as thinking out of the box idea in their product and distribution with the help of strategic global marketing. Milo, a brand of chocolate/malt powder beverage of Nestle, which is once known in the past as number one brand in customers mind in Thailand. But nowadays Milo is not that well perceived as before but another manager, Oval tine, had triumph the position and become market leader in the segment. With the character of Nestlà © that employ general marketing strategy such as cost direction in business, the company is currently struggling hard time finding the competitive advantage for Milo, when it comes to face to face with its main rival, Oval tine. The main goal of this marketing plan is to provide marketing strategies, Explain and predict sales Milo become the market leader in Thailand. Models and concepts of modeling, SWOT analysis and Porters Five Forces analysis is being conducted to assist in the analysis of external factors. Product Milo the energy drink nestled into the Indian market in 1996. The responsibility of launching the drink in a market dominated by time tested Bourn vita and Boost was no easy task for Nestle. As the fifth player in the market for a coffee drink. , the drink was up against Bourn vita which had an enviable market share of 40% and SmithKline Beecham, a strong contender, especially in the south. After creating the worlds number one energy drink Milo and taste benefits, the attention shifted to presenting its emotional benefits too. Focus now on rebuilding brand image of a delicious energy drink into the extra energy to winning. New Milo is for active, growing children its energy releasing B vitamins give them the extra energy, vitality and stamina that make them winners. Milo, the chocolate milk beverage targeted essentially at teenagers in the urban marketplace is the fastest selling product here. The only surprise to find that rather than being grand children, senior citizens want to ma ke it your everyday bottle. Place Distribution is the most important thing next to sales. Sales are not possible if the distribution network is not effective. If product is not available in the market at the right place at the right time and the customer may lose a great product that can change it. Price The firm has several options for addressing the price. Domestically Nestlà ©s Milo manufactured finished products may be force to switch to offshore sourcing of certain component to keep costs and prices competitive. Another factor has been audited by the distribution in target markets. An extension or ethnocentric pricing policy describe that the per-unit price of an item to be the same no matter where in the world the buyer is situated. Nestlà ©s executive level monitor consciously on the freight and import duties according to the Malaysia market. Compliance or polycentric pricing policy allows the subsidiary or affiliate managers or independent distributors to create whatever price they feel is in very good condition. Price strategy Price strategy is a basic, long-term pricing framework, which establishes the initial price for a product and the intended direction for price movements over the product life cycle. The third type of pricing strategy is to manipulate prices, the pricing and the pricing is made available.  Malaysia, Nestle Milo current practice is that the market penetration pricing to charge relatively low price for a product where Nestle (Milo) initially as a way to reach a mass market. Choose the price strategy When Nestle Milo has decided the product price, they will choose a good pricing strategy that will give them direction of price movements over the Product Life Cycle. Nestle Milo are knowledgeable about higher prices. If the higher prices, they have to produce a good quality of Milo. In addition, competitors may affect pricing strategy. For example, if Nestle Milo introduces a new product that same with competitors, the price will be restricted and close to the price of competitors. But Nestle Milo able to differentiate and convince consumers they can set a higher price for the product. Promotion Using the consumer insight that mothers are driven by a need to support their sons hard work and help them succeed when under pressure, the agency launched an impressive ad campaign. The study showed that the campaign needs to Milo as a drink with two strong power delivery and taste perception. Thus a strategy was adopted wherein the agency targeted children belonging to the age group of 7-12 years and through them their mothers. The strategy worked and led to a 40% volume growth, with the market share growing to 8.8%. The agency came up with commercials addressed to children as the target audience and mothers as the secondary audience. The campaign proved to be successful with the drink emerging as the No. 2 brand in 3 out of 4 zones, and its market share growing to an impressive 11.4%. Not satisfied, the agency undertook another research, which revealed two issues that needed to be addressed immediately. Firstly the pester power, which in this category was not very high and secondl y, the fact that Milo s brand promise of winning was unfortunately being perceived as an advertising/ marketing claim. Hence Nestle embarked into yet another campaign, this time with the intention of improving the brand image by overcoming a mothers apprehensions and getting her to subscribe to the brand promise. Other than that it takes an active part in the sponsorship of sports event at both school colleges, they also distribute T-Shirts having Milo logo and other such apparel. This helps company to promote their product as well as build their Brand Awareness. Promotion Recommendation To make Milo being well-known all over the country, they should make a lot of  promotions which is dissimilar with the promotions that they have done before.Afterwehave  been  through  the  discussion,  we  have  all  agreed  that  Milo  can  wider  their  promotion by making a contest or a lucky draw. They just need to put a lucky number  behind the packaging and the end of the month, the will pick a lucky number and the lucky customer can redeem their price at the nearest Milos branch. Besides that, Milo can make a different packaging style. They should combine all their products in one pack that include mini pack of Milo powder, Milo energy bar, Milo fuse, and so much more. By doing this style of packaging, Milo can make all your delicious product promotion to a customer so that they are able to try all the products produced by Milo . If they interested with one or all the product, for sure they will but it again and again. This will increase the profit. .

Nanomedicine The Field Of Nanotechnology Biology Essay

Nanomedicine The Field Of Nanotechnology Biology Essay Nanomedicine is a wide field of nanotechnology which involves almost all fields of science like nanoscience, nanoelectronics, nanophysics, nanoengineering and many more. Generally we can say that it is the practical application or the medical application of different materials at nanoscale to several nanoelectronic devices. These devices can be used in different applications of medical treatments. Current advancements shows that possibly these nano devices will bring revolutionary changes in the field of molecular nanotechnology. The current problem to the application of nanomedicine based devices is the toxicity and the impact of nano particles on both the living beings and environment. Nano particles have been designed for treatment of different diseases like cancer, angiogenesis etc. But the problem is the way of delivery of these particles to the body of patient as its difficult to handle these particles due to extremely small size. Nanotechnology is showing such a rapid advancem ents that allows the amalgamation of multiple therapeutic, sensing and targeting agents with a range of 1-1000 nm. By the oncologic point these agents give new hope for the all: The applications of nanomedicine methodologies and particles for the treatment for diseases like cancer are more advantageous than the typical medicines and conventional medical treatments. Till time more than 20 nanomedical therapeutic methods have been approved by FDA. These new methods for nanoengineered materials are supposed to give the maximum expected results. In this context the main issue is the delivery of particle to the specified area. For this purpose different methods are adopted in the lab and are found to be quite reliable. To deliver these particles inside the human body seems to be easy but its not as easy as considered. Being active, if these particles can damage affected cells then, these can damage the healthy cells as well. Secondly the size of these particles also matter. More over the issues regarding the shape and response of particles toward different cells cannot be neglected. Al these factors, somehow, affect the efficiency of the nano particles. So, if these issues are controlled, one can easily make nanomedicine more useful than any ordinary technique. Delivery of nanomedicine into the body: Nanotechnology is bringing the revolutions in almost all areas or the medical science. All the researches in the field of nano medicine are showing in full details that how the diseases are being produced in the human body and what could be the best way of treatment. It also explores the in-depth working of body as well as the development of disease. To make it useful in the field of medicine, it also requires to the development of new materials and new generations of medical nanomaterials. It is a fact that nanotechnology can be applied to almost all types of materials and surfaces that show new properties of nanoscale. According to the all medical requirements drugs are being designed and delivered to the body by controlled and specified ways. Two things are very important in the field of nanomedicine: Drug design Drug delivery 1: Drug design: Designing the drug is undergoing the revolutionary changes by increased knowledge. The study of biological interact of drugs with the body is vastly increased. Many new generations of drugs are being designed and tested every day. The generation of new drugs gain much importance and specificity due to their complex structures. The complexity of their structures forces the researchers to work more and investigate as many possible applications of drug by making it bioactive molecule. They also modify the structure and process of manufacturing so that its more useful and produce least by-products. This is mostly done by manipulation and engineering of enzymes inside the body that promote natural production of these molecules. Nano technology and more specifically nanomedicine are helping a lot in understanding the mechanism of drug development and its mode of action. [12], [16]drugdeliverytwo.jpg 2: Drug delivery: Along with the development of active bio molecules a lot of research is done on the ways and means of drug delivery. It includes the methods for exact location of the drug where it is needed and the accurate amount of dose. Nanoscience and nanotechnology helps in understanding both the method of working and the location of intended drug delivery site. There are different vectors which can target a specific site like viruses that target a drug or gene to a particular type of cell or tissue. It can also define the ways of drug activation when it reaches the required site by the help of ultrasounds, light or magnetic fields. Many current drug delivery systems are remnants of old drug delivery systems that were in nanometer range. Examples for these are liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers and nano crystals. Different old methods applied for drug delivery are still applicable to some extent. These methods are useful in some cases. Some of these methods are: Oral Delivery Inhalation Transdermal Implantation Injection These all methods are traditional methods in which drugs are supplied in bulk quantity but after they enter blood stream they are delivered to the site of infection where they show their response. In these methods drug is also delivered to the healthy cells where it causes damage. Among these techniques implantation is somewhat better in this regard. Implantation is related to the allocation of drug to the disease part. Chances of healthy cell damage are less than other techniques. Nanomedicine techniques are more advanced than these.[1], [2], [3], [4], [7],[8], [13] Nanoparticles used for drug delivery: Liposomal amphoterins are used for the drug delivery. These are used for fungal and particle infections. These are most commonly used in patients with depressed white blood cell count (cancer and chemotherapy patients, HIV-infected patients, elderly patients). Liposomal formulation is preferred due to decreased side effects and prolonged drug exposure. The release of liposomes is slow which increases its efficacy. Antibiotic loaded nano spheres are used for intercellular infections. Ampicillin is an example of nano spheres which is used for listeria treatment. It shows dramatic improvement over free drug deliveries and these also reduce bacterial counts in liver at least 20 folds. These spheres used for salmonella treatment alone required 32 mg per mouse but with nano particles require only 0.8 mg. There are different types of nano particles that are used for drug delivery. Some are as follows: Metal based nanoparticles Lipid based nanoparticles Polymer based nanoparticles Biological nanoparticles All these have their own features and efficacy regarding their shape, type and way of application. Metal based nanoparticles are introduced inside the body after capping with some inert material and then these particles are activated by energising them with the help of rays either light rays or the ultrasonic rays. Lipid based nanoparticles are small molecules like amphotericin B, doxorubicin, viruses and bacteria as vaccines and nucleic acid. These are made by mixing lipids together in organic solution and solution is evaporated later. Then hydration is done and liposomes are divided to small parts by sonication. Polymer based nanoparticles are alkylcyanoacrylates which are extensively used as tissue adhesive for skin wounds and surgical glues. Polymer based nanoparticles are less toxic as they degrade by the hydrolysis of ester bond. This hydrolysis or degradation produces alkyl alcohol and cyanoacrylic acid which are eliminated during kidney filtration. Biological nanoparticles are most reliable than any other as they are biodegradable and cause less toxicity and environmental effects. (Virus a biological Nano particle) [5], [6], [7], [18] Use of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery: Drug delivery system of nanoparticles ranging from 5 to 250nm has ability to improve current traditional therapies as it can overcome the biological barriers. Nano particles have achieved a great importance in targeted drug delivery especially in the case of cancer. Targeted drug delivery is being facilitated by carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes look promising in drug delivery to the specified areas. This has been approved by research and in the near future CNT are going to overcome the problems of delivery, gene therapies and vaccines. Our research is still in its earliest stages, but it shows great promise, says Alberto Bianco, at the CNRS Institute in Strasbourg, France. The nanotubes seem to migrate mainly to the nucleus, so we can imagine them being used to deliver gene constructs. Carbon nanotubes are also helpful in custom delivery. Its providing advancements to the injection of particles to the cells. These also help in killing cancer cells when excited. These emit IR radiations which kill cancer cell. Image of rolled sheets of hexagons[12], [16], [17] Use of nanorobotics in nanotechnology: Nanorobots are the devices which are designed to protect and maintain body. For the time being these are more hypothetical instruments than actual practically implemented instruments. These are supposed to help in a lot of ways like: Target delivery Surgery at nanoscale Brain surgery Eye surgery Cancer treatment Carriers of drugs Curing skin diseases Mouthwash full of nanorobots which will be capable of killing pathogens Improvement in immune system by killing unwanted bacteria Cleaning of blood vessels and lymph nodes These can be defined as hypothetical machines but as the research indicates these are going to help mankind very soon in all these aspects of medical science. These are supposed to be constructed with the part having dimensions of about 1-100nm. The main point of concern is the supply of energy to these machines and work is being done on it. Most of research is convincing on the fact that energy can be supplied by the cellular digestion of glucose. http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/nanorobot-1.gif [12],[13] Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamicsand nanoparticles: Process of absorption, distribution, metabolization and excretion of medicine from the body is called pharmacokinetic. One can say that the study of what happens with the drug inside body is pharmacokinetics. On the contrast the study of what drug does with body is pharmacodynamics. Traditionally drug is designed by exploring small molecules which have both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties helping the drug to enter the blood stream quiet easily and then diffusing the cells. But this approach is limitized due many pharmacodynamics effects like slow release, less efficacy, less selectivity and high immunogenicity. Use of nanotechnology can reduce the risks of both as well as increase the efficacy. Use of nano medicine can prevent the degeneration or the side effect on active compounds or healthy cites.[5],[6],[7],[8] Barriers to the nanoparticle distribution: Different compartments of bodyact as barriers to the nanoparticles. These barriers are: Epithelium Blood Immune system Lymph nodes lymph vessels RES Extravasation The basic reason of the barrier is the size of nanoparticles and secondly the shape of particles. These two factors are needed to be considered carefully before introducing the nanoparticle based medicines.[9], [10] Factors affecting the efficacy of nanomedicine: Different factors affect the efficiency of nanoparticles. These include the size, shape, chemical nature and many other factors. But as we are dealing at nano scale so the size and shape of the particles have a great effect on the efficiency of the drug. Effect of size on the efficiency of nanomedicine: Body immune system has different barriers for the invaded particles and this is the most challenging area for the drug delivery. Clearance of the polymeric nanoparticles and bio-distribution are remarkably affected by the size of nanoparticles. For example if the diseased organ has to be medicated by nanoparticle based medicine then the bio-distribution is improved in the tissue by controlling he size and passive EPR and ligand functionalization. If the particle size is small the accumulation of particle inside the tissue is increased as well as the diffusion of medicine. If we take the example of liver and spleen, these parts can be cleared by different processes like hepatic filtration and phagocytic uptake. The circulation is improved by keeping the particle size à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤100nm. In kidneys the particles need to be cleared by excretion and the circulation is improved by more than half if the is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥10 nm. Other barriers like hormonal arm and mucosal barriers are also controlled by controlling the movement of particles. These barriers are overcome by the nanoparticles due to their unique characters and size. This is found to be true especially in the case of abnormal neovascularization. Blood vessels are composed by endothelium which is of three types: Continuous endothelial morphology in arteries and vessels Contrast fenestrated endothelium in glands and kidneys(pores of about 60nm) Discontinuous endothelium in liver(fenestrae of 50-100nm) For the treatment of angiogenesis enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) allows diffusion and accumulation of nano particles inside the tissue. The size limit of particle is 400nm. If we discuss the physiological parameters like kidney extraction, surface composition, hepatic filtration and others the particle size is a key factor responsible for the bio-distribution or medicine and medication efficiency.[3],[8] Intake of polystyrene nanoparticles is favoured at a temperature of 37à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ to 4à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C if the size is between 50nmand 500nm. Similarly the protein absorption shows a remarkable change with the change in size. Its variation is as follows: SIZE ABSORPTION OF PROTEIN à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤100nm Less 100_200nm Moderate More than 200nm More I In short it is observed that the particles with size smaller than 100nm show less absorption of proteins thats why they are less resistant to the blood flow and stay in the blood for a long time. Effect of the shape and core of nanoparticle: Along with size the shape of particle is also an important factor of drug delivery and efficiency. Spherical shaped particles show minimum resistance and can diffuse easier than any other shape.Shape is conditional to the type of material used for medication as well as type of nanoparticle being applied. In case of polymer based nanoparticles shapes are different and their efficacy is defined according to the interaction of accumulation and diffusion site and the material used. In this regard bio-distribution of stealth poly beta-amino ester nanoparticle and poly caprolactone particles with the same size gives a good idea of shape and core effect. Size of both ranges from 100-200nm but the accumulation of both is different.Shape of therapeutic nanoparticles plays a crucial role in extravasation and interstitial transport. On the one hand, it has been shown that cationic nanoparticles preferentially target tumour endothelial cells and exhibit a higher vascular permeability compared wi th their neutral or anionic counterparts. On the other hand, neutral nanoparticles diffuse faster and distribute more homogeneously inside the tumour interstitial space than cationic and anionic particles, because the latter form aggregates with negatively charged (for example, hyaluronan) or positively charged (for example, collagen) matrix molecules.  As far as the particle shape is concerned, studies have shown that macromolecules with linear, semi-flexible configurations diffuse more efficiently in the interstitial matrix than do comparable sized, rigid spherical particles.[10], [11],[12],[14],[18] Strategies to improve delivery: From the discussion above it could be concluded that the drug delivery could be more targeted, specified, less toxic, more biocompatible and safe, fast development of medicine by the use of nanotechnological especially nanomedicine methodologies. The strategies of drug delivery are focusing on the enhance drug delivery particularly action on tumour by increasing the efficiency of vascular network. Strategies are to make nanoparticles penetrate faster and more easily. [2], [3], [1], [17] Conclusions: The innovation of nanotechnology is one of the greatest achievements of this century and use of this technology in medicine has revolutionized the entire biomedicine industry. As a field of rapidly developing there are a lot of business interests as well.Apart from this, we are still fighting against some diseases like AIDS, Cancer etc. and every year they cost a lot of lives around the world. Again treatment of these diseases are really expensiveand people especially form third world countries are not able to afford the cost of treatments. Here, nanomedicine can play a very important role by providing cost effective methods of treatment. But we should also consider some other issues including impact of nanomaterials on our environment. We have plenty of things to do on those issues before making nano-drug widely available to the mass people.[1],[13],[11]

The Unwitting Vehicle for Evil in Moby Dick :: Moby Dick Essays

The Unwitting Vehicle for Evil in Moby Dick My opinion about symbolism in the book Moby Dick is a patchwork of the "Evil Captain" theory and the "Nothingness" theory. In this theory chance and circumstance cause an unlucky (as opposed to ill-fated) captain to become the unwitting vehicle for evil. It is not his fault, he is driven to it by simple bad luck, and so evil is created out of nothingness, and then disappears from whence it came. The whale represents nothing, Starbuck represents nothing, Pip only serves to represent the madness that would have overtaken Ahab had he not invented an evil whale to blame his leg on, and most importantly Ishmael represents God, or the truth, or something I haven't thought up a name for yet. One thing that surprised me about this book was how contradictory the wording was. Sentences, paragraphs, and whole chapters were quite simply put to the ax and cut short as if Herman changed his mind upon further contemplation. At first I thought that Herman had A.D.D. but soon I figured that he was playing the old trick on us. That is, he was intentionally being non-descript in order for everyone to interpret the book in a different way (its such a common trick now that I look back, but it really had me for a while). In the beggining the quote reads, "Whales in the sea, Gods will obey," as if Moby Dick was beyond a force of nature, a tool of consummate evil, but by the end the book the quote reads normal, "Whales in the sea, God's will obey" (notice the possessive apostrophe missing in the first one?[thank you for misquoting]). An example of this type of contridiction of ideas occurs between pages 197 and the last page: Aside from the more obvious considerations touching Moby Dick, which could not but occasionally awaken in any man's soul some alarm, there was another thought, or rather vague, nameless horror concerning him, which at times by its intensity completely overpower all the rest; and yet so mystical and well nigh ineffable was it, that I almost despair of putting it in comprehensible form. it was the whiteness of the whale that above all things appalled me. But how can I hope to explain myself here; and yet, in some dim, random way, explain myself I must, else all these chapters might be naught.

No Stories to Tell :: Philosophy Experiences Papers

Trapped in a Fortune-Cookie Factory with no Stories to Tell Drawing on a distinction between 'primary' and 'secondary' experience derived from J. J. Gibson's ecological psychology, Edward S. Reed argues that our 'psychosocial ills' result from rampant 'degradation of opportunities for primary experience.' That Reed slides easily from 'experience' to 'information' is less due to Gibson's psychology than to the spirit of the time in which he writes: it is a truism that we live in an age of information, where every experience is an act of communication. But, as Reed notes, progress in information technology has been matched by regress in communication. We spend billions on a 'superhighway' that carries every kind of information except the ecological information 'that allows us to experience things for ourselves.' In a pattern familiar from cities shaped by automobiles, the line of this highway traces a virtually impermeable wall. While (sometimes) increasing access to 'processed' information, it (almost always) decreases access to 'ecological' i nformation. This is a 'pedagogical' as well as a 'perceptual' problem; my intent in this paper is to pose the problem clearly as a first step toward addressing it adequately. I have nothing to say, and I am saying it. And that is poetry. —John Cage, Lecture on Nothing (1) Not quite halfway through The Necessity of Experience, Edward S. Reed illustrates the condition of ordinary people in contemporary society by calling to mind an old joke "about a person trapped in a fortune-cookie factory whose only hope for escape is to send out messages inside the cookies." (2)Like most jokes, this one depends on an instantly recognizable account of human experience. Its theme permeates the work of two great twentieth century writers—Samuel Beckett and Franz Kafka—whose names are routinely transformed into adjectives to describe the human condition at the end of the century. Reed finds it disconcerting "that the image conveyed by this joke—stripped of any pretense at humor—is nowadays often used to describe our lives." (3)That neither Beckett nor Kafka abandoned humor—both deepened the humor of this joke until it became inescapably bleak—is a point to which I will return later when I move from Reed's diagnosis to his prescr iption. But first the diagnosis. Reed's argument is laid out with admirable clarity in his prologue, "A Plea for Experience": "the psychosocial ills that beset many of us today—what historian Eric Hobsbawm calls the increasing barbarism of daily life—stem largely from the degradation of opportunities for primary experience that is rampant in all developed and developing societies.

International business management Essay

1. Regional integration Regional integration is a process in which states enter into a regional agreement in order to enhance regional cooperation through regional institutions and rules. The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative where commercial interests have been the focus for achieving broader socio political and security objectives, as defined by national governments. Regional integration has been organized either via supranational institutional structures or through intergovernmental decision-making, or a combination of both. Past efforts at regional integration have often focused on removing barriers to free trade in the region, increasing the free movement of people, labour, goods, and capital across national borders, reducing the possibility of regional armed conflict (for example, through Confidence and Security-Building Measures), and adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues, such as the environment, climate change and migration. 2. Internalization Internationalization is the process of acceptance of a set of norms and value established by people or groups which are influential to the individual through the process of socialization. John Finley Scott (1971) Also it can be defined as a process through which we come to identify parts of our culture as part of ourselves especially to norms and values. 3. Internalization process In international business management describes the process in which the firm gradually becomes involved in international business and enters foreign market whereby the discussions and decisions on development of the domestic market and international market are made. The term international usually refers to either an attitude of the firmtowards foreign activities or to tlie actual carrying out of activities abroad.*Of course there is a ciose relationship between attitudes and actuai behaviour.The attitudes are the basis for decisions to undertake international ventures and the experiences from international activities infiuence these attitudes. In the case descriptions we have to concentrate on those aspects of the internationalization that are easy to observe, that is the international activities. We consider, however, these attitudes as interesting and important and the discussion of the internationalization process is basically an account of the interaction between attitudes and actual behaviour 4. Expand Sales Companies sales are dependent on two factors: the consumers’ interest in their products or services and the consumers’ willingness and ability to buy them. The number of people and the amount of their purchasing power are higher for the world as a whole than for a single country, so companies may increase their sales by reaching international business. Ordinarily, higher sales means higher profits, assuming each unit sold has the same markup. For example, the Star Wars cost millions of dollars to produce, but as more people see the films, the average production cost per viewer decreases. So, increasing the sales will be major motive for a company’s expansion into international business. 5. Acquire Resources Manufacturers and distributors seek out products, services and components produced in foreign countries. They also look for foreign capital, technologies, and information they can use at home. Acquiring resources may enable a company to improve its product quality and differentiate itself from competitors in both cases, potentially increasing market share and profits. Although a company may initially use domestic resources to expand abroad, once the foreign operations are in place, the foreign earnings may the serve as resources for domestic operations. 6. Diversify Sources of Sales and Supplies To minimize swings in sales and profits, companies may seek out foreign markets to take advantage of business cycle recessions and expansions differences among countries. Sales decrease in a country that is in a recession and increase in one that is expanding economically. By obtaining supplies of the same product or component from different countries, companies may be able to avoid the full impact of price swings or shortages in any one country. 7. Minimize Competitive Risk Many companies enter into international business for defensive reasons. They want to counter advantages competitors might gain in foreign markets that, in turn, could hurt them domestically. For example company A and company B compete in the same domestic market. Company. A may fear that Company B will generate large profits from a foreign market if left alone to serve that market. Company B may then use those profits in various ways (such as additional advertising or development of improved products) to improve its competitive position in the domestic market. Companies harboring such a fear may enter foreign markets primarily to prevent a competitor from gaining advantages. 8. Controlling Expenses Every business wants to have low expenses; so some companies will therefore enter the global arena to minimize their costs. Companies will examine the resources they need and where they can get them at the lowest price. By searching outside of their own borders, companies hope to find more economical solutions to the production and manufacturing problems they have. Business might choose to take advantage of lower labor costs, they might move manufacturing plants closer to natural resources, invest in new and more efficient technology, or profit from another countries innovations or tax structures. For example a company that is located in Toronto that gets most of their resources from Japan might want to look into moving the company closer to Japan or they might have to look into finding a new place to get their resources. This is known as outsourcing, meaning that a company will obtain something by contracting it from another source. 9. Diversification In order to diversify a company’s product line they may choose to enter a specific international market. This will apply to both a large scale international business along with a small company. Companies have a foothold in a number of countries so they don’t have to depend on the economy of one country. Companies engaged in international business can protect their investments and their markets by dealing with countries in a variety of countries. A recession in one county won’t have a huge effect if business is doing well in another country. 10. Competitiveness Many companies expand globally for defensive reasons to protect themselves from competitors or potential competitors, or to gain advantage over them. In today’s business environment, even a small business is competing with international businesses. A neighbourhood video store is facing competition from a larger international company such as Blockbuster Video. A local store may have a limited selection because of its small size but it may be able to offer more personal service, a more specialized stock or even lower prices. On the other hand, local businesses may find if difficult to compete with the selection and price that multinational companies can offer. If their businesses are too threatened, they may find wider markets or merge with a larger, possibly international company. International Business Theories Analytical framework of International Business (IB) is built around the activities of MNEs enunciated by the process of internationalization (Kamwesara, 2010p.17). Before emergence of MNEs, Foreign trade and IB were regarded as synonymous and international trade doctrines based on labour cost differentials free trade guided the international transactions among trading partners. Several theories have been formulated which form the basis of international trade and FDI.

Sainsbury

Analyse’ and ‘evaluate’ the business strategy that J Sainsbury Ltd. has pursued using either Bowman’s strategic clock or Porter’s Generic Strategies framework. Submission Date : 28th April 2012 Word Count : 1841 Introduction Strategy is defined as how an organization and individual achieves its goals. The marketing strategies are altered as well as renewed in companies in the effort to survive and also prosper in an increasing demanding and complex business environment (Grant, 2010, p. 270).The strategic imperatives have shifted towards a priority emphasis in order to develop a superior capacity to reinvest the business model (Cravens, 2010, p. 20). Sainsbury mission and goal is to become the first choice of its customers in terms of food, deliver products which are of outstanding quality and service available at a competitive cost by means of working in a simpler, faster and together. Sainsbury have made fundamental changes which have transformed th e business but in the course of action the company has stayed true to its heritage.Sainsbury passion towards food at fair prices and its ethical approach have remained central for their success (J Sainsbury Plc, 2012). Figure 1: Business Strategy and Objectives [pic] (Source: J Sainsbury Plc-a, 2012) Accessing Sainsbury’s strategy using Bowman Strategic Clock The strategy clock which was coined by Cliff Bowman encouraged the mangers to consider competitive advantage with relation to cost advantage or differentiation (figure 1). It focuses on the price of the customers and their perceived value of the goods and services.It has been argued that Sainsbury pursue a differentiation strategy while others might argue that it has adopted the low cost strategy. It could be however said that the organisation has adopted both differentiation and low cost strategy and can be termed as â€Å"stuck in the middle† (Mantle, 2012). Figure 1: Bowman’s Strategy Clock [pic] (Source : Johnson, 2008, p. 243) Theories and Analysis SWOT Analysis has been performed in order to consider the internal and external factors of Sainsbury (See Appendix 3).J Sainsbury has been able to tackle the problem as it has been able to build the trust and can have faith on its customers at the worst condition. But the competition is also intense between the top four food retailers in UK and the hard discounters. It has been noted that Tesco and Asda are the top most retailers in UK and they have expanded in almost every part of the globe and this is where Sainsbury lacks and falls behind its current competitors (Mantle, 2012, p. 7).Sainsbury can try to overcome its weakness by applying its strength and overcome its threat by applying the opportunity. As per the TOWS Matrix, (Appendix 6) Sainsbury has a huge opportunity to tap the emerging nations with its diversified portfolio and with its good corporate image . To tackle the external environment PEST analysis has been conducted. Sa insbury needs to consider the external environment in order to proceed successfully and take measures of the upcoming shortfalls with respect to the external environment (See Appendix 2).In order to tackle the problem, Sainsbury has adopted the policies of operating in EU and also other parts of the globe. It has joint hands with the British government to tackle the problem of obesity and have pledged to cut about 5 billion calories (Retail Detail, 2012). Sainsbury has diversified its business ranging from food retail to non food retail outlets and has adopted the differentiation strategy. This adds on to the advantage of Sainsbury and helps to maintain competitive advantage and stay ahead of its competitors.But at the same time Sainsbury have many competitors who offer the same product (Appendix 5) which shows that the competition among the retail industry is quite high, but Sainsbury with its core competencies and diversified portfolio has been able to gain a diverse customer base . Analysis and evaluation of supporting resources and capabilities The company is trying hard to keep up its competency level by delivering efficient service and timely service. Sainsbury online serves almost about 30,000 order per week and cover 75% of the UK which ads on to its advantage (Breitenbuch, 2004, p. 22).With advancement in technology and change in mindset, customers prefer online services rather than the brick and mortar. Thus Sainsbury competency lies with its online shopping service. The capital of Sainsbury resulted in decreases in 2011 (854) as compared to 2010 (1006). But Sainsbury has invested in its R&D and other portfolios which have sown positive outgrow in the current fiscal year. But a glance at the resources and capabilities have proved that Sainsbury can well compete in the competitive retail market. Sainsbury’s unique resources and capabilities underpinning the Value chainSainsbury had made an investment of about multimillion pounds in its supply ch ain technology which has helped the company to reduce the amount of un-bought food by 15% during hard times. This technology was created by Sainsbury and helps to reduce wastage of food which would then help in the reduction of emission from CO2 to about 1400 tonnes. Thus it can be said that the company can react to changes in the buying pattern (Brittain, 2010). (See appendix 9) Value chain has been identified and upgraded in order to widen the system of suppliers, network and the buyers i. e. hrough the value system, and the importance of each individual and the discrete activities which are performed by the firm to achieve competitive advantage. Sainsbury has developed different supply chain channels to manage the complexity faced due to different store formats such as country town, Sainsbury local. Sainsbury believes in continues improvement and aims to achieve it in many different ways. Sainsbury recognise the importance of its people who plays a major role in delivering excell ent business. The logistic staffs of Sainsbury tend to work in flexible and well maintained environment.One of the collaboration of Sainsbury is to focus on the demands of the consumers and maintain a healthy relationship with the suppliers and other partners. Above all Sainsbury is committed in reducing the impact of its operation towards the environment (J. Sainsbury Plc-b, 2002). Appendix 9: Value Chain (James,Rowland-Jones& Obrian)[pic] A exceptional tangible source resource would be Sainsbury’s land bank, they created an agreement with British land in 2008, as a result of losing the combat to Tesco in land management , and therefore currently own 10,5 billion in real estate (Mantle, 2012)This gain value and addresses a key decisive achievement factor in the industry (Grant,2010). As position is important to offer convenience and a deep assortment, An extra unique intangible resource would be their brand representation and customer loyalty, this is vital since it can attr act or attract consumers and it could be necessary to build the brand image . Mintel has reported that Sainsbury’s achieved top amongst the big four’ for the best brand reputation, improving this by supporting charities such as ‘fareshare and active kids(J Sainsbury PLC,2012)A core capability would be Their online shopping has evolved over the years and with a change in customers mind set and lifestyle, and is mostly dominated by the major food retailers (Mintel, 2011). It is the second largest food online retailer in UK and its business grew by 20% over the years (McGrath, 2012). Sainsbury is also trying to develop a presence in the drugstore category but it would result in huge risk for the company as Boots has already acquired a majority of the market share (Data monitor, 2002). Has Sainsbury got the potential resources and capabilities?Feasibility analyse the firm positing of the resources and capabilities necessary for their given strategy (Johnson,Scholes & Whittington,2008) Sainsbury core competencies and resources (See Appendix 4) have enabled Sainsbury to achieve the third position in UK retail market and strengthen its value chain through investing in new technology (Appendix 9). Sainsbury core capabilities (Appendix 4) lie with their online shopping service which is often regarded as better than its competitors and at the same time hard to imitate.Other capabilities of Sainsbury include its logistic, loyalty programs and its own labelled products. But the disadvantage lies that its competencies are same as its competitors and are very easy to imitate. Critical challenges that Sainsbury faces in the expansion plan Most critical driver in the grocery industry would be the attractiveness of new rising market, such china whose market was expected by Euromonitor in 2010 to reach ? 418 billion(Johnson, Scholes & Whittington,2008 ). furthermore globalisation is a key factor for merging competitors.One critical challenge Sainsburyâ€℠¢s face is how compatible or distant the national market is with the company, therefore they must consider compatibility before they get into the market(John, Scholes &Whittington,2008). This can be done using the CAGE model, which looks at cultural, administrative and political geographical and economic distance between the markets. For instance cultural distance is very important in the supermarket industry. As mentioned in the SWOT analysis (Appendix 3) one of the major critical challenge with Sainsbury is the market of UK which has matured over the years. (Grant,2011)Sainsbury has adopted both the low cost strategy and also the differentiation strategy. The retail food section of Sainsbury offers food at a cheaper rate and also its product line offers a variety of services and products thus following the differentiation strategy (See Appendix 3). One of the risks involved associated with the hybrid strategy is that the company is trying to diversify into various sectors which mi ght not result in profitability in the long run, may result in failure. This is because Sainsbury is following two generic strategies cost leadership and differentiation strategy and it might result in a drawback in the long run.Does the strategy adopted by Sainsbury is attractive in terms of financial return and timescale required for its online orders? Sainsbury main rival is Tesco in terms of market share. The market share of Tesco has slipped from 30. 7pc to 30. 5pc. However the supermarket, Tesco was not being able to keep a track with the level of inflation at the current rate of 6. 2 c in the grocery industry. In comparison to Sainsbury, sales growth was recorded 4. 2 pc (Wallop, 2011). The financial report of Sainsbury has also shown a positive growth rate in its operating profit which amounted to ? 851million in 2011 as compared to ? 710 million in 2010.The gross profit recorded for the year end 2011 was also quite impressive as compared to the previous financial years (See Appendix 8). Conclusion Sainsbury strategy has helped it to become among the top retailers in food and non food items in UK and has been able to achieve a decent market share along with gross profit which resulted in a higher rate than its competitors Tesco. But with respect to international strategy, Sainsbury would face challenge from the intense competition from its competitors as they are globally situated and are assumed to be bigger brand than Sainsbury and has captured most of the market share outside UK.And secondly, due to economic slowdown, consumers have started to cut cost and prefer the small retail shops rather than the giant retail outlets. This would hamper the working of Sainsbury in the process of international expansion. Therefore it can be said that Sainsbury should expand only when the conditions are in favour of the company. Reference Breitenbuch, M. V. , 2004. Online Food Shopping: Consumer Perception and Retailers Market Approach, Contrasting the Markets UK and Germany. GRIN Verlag. Brittain, N. , 2010. Sainsbury's tries something new with supply chain technology. [Online].Available at: ; http://www. computing. co. uk/ctg/news/1834835/sainsburys-tries-supply-chain-technology; [Accessed 23 April, 2012]. CBI, 2004. Sainsbury’s. [Pdf]. Available at: ; http://www. article13. com/CBI/CBI%20CSR%20Case%20Study%20Sainsburys%20August2004. pdf; [Accessed 19 April, 2012]. Cravens, D. W. , 2009. Strategic Marketing 8E. New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Data Monitor, 2002. Sainsbury's: putting the Boots in. [Online]. Available at: < http://www. datamonitor. com/store/News/sainsburys_putting_the_boots_in? productid=E22D4126-72D1-4FF4-B2B3-1CAB1AF4E9A7> [Accessed 19 April, 2012].Grant, M. , 2010. Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Text Only. John Wiley and Sons. IGD, 2012. IGD’s 2012 Sainsbury’s Trade Briefing. [Online]. Available at: < http://www. igd. com/index. asp? id=1&fid=2&sid=1&cid=2083> [Accessed 19 April, 2012]. J Sain sbury Plc, 2012. About US. [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 18 April, 2012]. J Sainsbury Plc-a, 2011. Annual report and Financial Statement. [Pdf]. Available at: < http://www. j-sainsbury. co. uk/media/171813/ar2011_report. pdf> [Accessed 19 April, 2012]. J Sainsbury Plc-b, 2002. Sainsbury’s. [Online]. Available at:< http://www2. sainsburys. o. uk/sid/info_sc_osc. htm > [Accessed 26 April, 2012]. Johnson, G. , 2008. Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text & Cases, 7/E. South Asia: Pearson Education India. Just Food, 2011. UK: Morrisons, Sainsbury’s gain market share. [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 20 April, 2012]. Mantle, P. , 2012. Case Study: J Sainsbury Ltd – January 2012. McGrath, T. , 2012. Sainsbury's: Second largest UK online food seller. [Online]. Available at: ; http://www. eway. co. uk/ecommerce-news/post/2012/03/14/Sainsburys-Second-largest-UK-online-food-seller143. aspx; [Accessed 19 April, 2012]. Mintel, 2011.Food Retailing – UK [Online]. Avai lable at: [Accessed 18 April, 2012]. Moon, H. C. , 2010. Global Business Strategy: Asian Perspective. Singapore: World Scientific. Morning Star, 2010. Sainsbury Lacks Competitive Edge. [Online]. Available at: ; http://www. morningstar. co. uk/uk/660/articles/94693/Sainsbury-Lacks-Competitive-Edge. aspx; [Accessed 19 April, 2012]. Pisanello, D. , No Date. SHORTCOMINGS IN ENFORCING EU FOOD LAW. WHAT DOES EU FOOD LAW STAND FOR? [Pdf]. Available at: ; http://regulation. upf. edu/dublin-10-papers/2F4. pdf; [Accessed 20 April, 2012]. Retail Detail, 2012.British food industry pledges to cut calories. [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 18 April, 2012]. Verweire, K. , 2004. Integrated Performance Management: A Guide to Strategy Implementation. SAGE. Wallop, H. , Tesco loses market share. [Online]. Available at: ; http://www. telegraph. co. uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8937822/Tesco-loses-market-share. html; [Accessed 19 April, 2012]. Sainsbury Strategy clock Sainsbury Appendix 2: PEST Analysis Political †¢ Sainsbury adopted the international strategy and thus the political factors along with globalisation have affected the expansion. EU has been stringent in matters of food in order to protect the customers (Pisanello, n. d) and thus the food retailers have to comply with various standards which have affected the profit with is predicted to hamper the future growth. Economical †¢ Affects the buying decision of the customers as with recession hitting the country the residents are likely to cut cost and save for future needs. The people might prefer the next door retail outlet to shop for and this would indirectly affect Sainsbury. †¢ The economic recession has affected the people residing in UK and this has ultimately resulted in affecting the retail food sector.People will not stop eating due to poor economic situation like global crises or rescession but they would obviously cut cost which †¢ Retail industry prone to negative economic c ondition and can affect the future growth Social †¢ Social trends have been changing with the development in the countries †¢ High consumer debt level with negative savings rate. Technological †¢ Adoption of online retailing †¢ Supply chain management †¢ Adoption of electronic Point of Sale (PoS) Appendix 3: SWOT Analysis Strength †¢ Sainsbury is the third largest retailer in UK with 16% of the market hare (Just Food, 2011). †¢ Sainsbury has a diversified range of products †¢ it has a good corporate image †¢ Online shopping Weakness †¢ J Sainsbury Plc is exposed to the UK business cycle to a great extend. Opportunity †¢ Growth opportunity in the online shopping market †¢ Demand of good quality of food and healthy food †¢ Growth opportunity in the emerging countries. †¢ developing presence in the chemist and drugstore category Threat †¢ Intense competition from Tesco, Asda and Morrison †¢ Mature UK Market Appendix 4: Core capabilities and resourcesFigure 2: Resources and competencies of J Sainsbury PLC [pic] (Source: Mantle, 2012) Appendix 5: Porters Five Forces Figure 3: Porters five force of Sainsbury Appendix 6: TOWS Matrix | |Strength |Weakness | | |Sainsbury is the third largest retailer in UK |J Sainsbury Plc is exposed to the UK business | | |with 16% of the market share |cycle to a great extend. | |Sainsbury has a diversified range of products | | | |it has a good corporate image | | | |Online shopping | | | |Sainsbury being the third largest retailer |Sainsbury can overcome its weakness by | |Opportunities |could make use of its corporate image in the |utilizing its opportunity and create demand for| |Growth opportunity in the online shopping |emerging countries and with the online shopping|its food and non food items. | |market |market it can further strengthen its growth | | |Demand of good quality of food and healthy food|opportunities. | |Growth opportunity in the emer ging countries | | | |developing a presence in the chemist and | | | |drugstore category | | | |Threat |With its diversified portfolio it can stay |Sainsbury needs to tackle its problem as it’s | |Intense competition from Tesco, Asda and |ahead of its competitors and along with its |too exposed to the UK business cycle and as a | |Morrison |corporate image can easily tap the mature UK |result the rivalry is quite high. | |Mature UK Market |market. | | Appendix 7: Stakeholders Mapping Figure 4: Stakeholders mapping | | |A |B | |Minimal Effort |Keep Informed | | |Shareholders | | | | |C |D | |Keep Satisfied |Key players | |Environment, Community |Customers, Suppliers, employees | Keep informed: the shareholders of the organisation should be kept informed about the happenings and decision taken by Sainsbury. It is the duty of the company to make the shareholders know about every step that the company takes. Keep Satisfied: The community and the environment falls under the category of â€Å"C† where the company should satisfy these stakeholders.The community is important as it is a place that Sainsbury operates. The environment is also important as sustainability issue raises with the environment thus it becomes incredibly necessary to keep satisfied these two stakeholders. Key Players: The key players consist of the customers, suppliers and the employees. It is through these stakeholders that Sainsbury is able to operate its business. The employees form an integral part of the organisation. The strategies adopted by Sainsbury will directly affect thee stakeholders. Appendix 8: Financial Statement of Sainsbury Table 1: Financial performance [pic] (Source: J Sainsbury Plc, 2011) Table 2: Tesco Financial statement [pic] Source: Tesco, 2011) ———————– Hybrid Threat of Substitute Low -Medium: Low in case of food items and medium for non food items For clothing is high Rivalry among Competitors High: More competitors such as Tesco, Asda and Morrison Retail market is extremely competitive. Buyers Power High: Many competitors in the industry give the buyer the power to bargain Threat of Entry Low: Requires huge capital investment Sainsbury and other big retail giants accounts for nearly 80% of the retail market share Supplier’s power Low: As the position of Sainsbury is strengthen and are able to negotiate to get the lowest price from the suppliers.